THE FOLLOWING WILL BE LISTED NOT IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.

THEY SHALL BE INTRODUCED ESPECIALLY THROUGH THOSE WHO EXPERIENCED THEM FIRST HAND.

​THIS IS ESPECIALLY USEFUL FOR ADULTS WHO ARE MORE SELF AWARE OF THEIR INNER PROCESSES.
Every individual is unique, nobody will have absolute identical neurological construct or life experiences.

Let us use their experiences to learn more and figure out the hidden works, that can be harnessed as strengths and coping mechanisms that are work-arounds.

APHANTASIA
Aphantasia is a newly named condition that was first identified by Sir Francis Galton in 1880. To simply define aphantasia, Aphantasia is where a person is unable to create imagery in their mind's eye. People with Aphantasia are unable to synthesise senses in their mind.
OUR PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
I first discovered this from my own daughter. She was just about 5-6 years old. And she had an impeccable ability to spell way advanced her age and only after a short while of learning phonetic rules. At that moment, I knew I don't have to teach her spelling at all forever. She was way beyond me. However, that is also a sign of Hyperlexia - so eventually I still had to put the gaps for that amazing ability.

Now this is not about Hyperlexia. Its about the discovery of Aphantasia. And I ignored it until she was 9. At age 5, I accidentally asked a simple question, while teaching spelling of a new word, and something was a little off, and casually say well you can see the spelling in your head right? ... That was a question that changed our lives. I proceeded to ask her out of curiosity, can you see C-A-T? in your head when you spell. No. 
​
At 9 years old I revisited and found this word Aphantasia. And I asked her this question again. How are you spelling. And I was guiding her on how to do some basic expressive writing language. So I proceeded to ask her to imagine a scene or vivid mental imagery in order to try to describe what she wants to write. By 10 she was already reading thick books, and I thought ok, there should be some form of imagery if she can read the books right? No. It's different. Was how she could only possibly explain.
.
Now at age 14, I asked her to explain how does she think her brain is putting the things she read together. It's very hard for her to. She says its almost impossible to explain, now she can visualise if she wants to. And then that was it. It was hard to describe, and I can only imagine that maybe there is an alternate compensatory method that the brain has allowed an individual to be able to do things, just like anyone. 
.
This personal story is about strength, it is about how amazing our brains can be, and its definitely about creativity on our strategies to cope with life. :)

Synesthesia

Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway (e.g., hearing) leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway (e.g., vision). Simply put, when one sense is activated, another unrelated sense is activated at the same time.

HYPERLEXIA

Hyperlexia is a syndrome that is characterized by a child's precocious ability to read (far above what would be expected at their age), significant difficulty in understanding and using verbal language (or a profound nonverbal learning disability), and significant problems during social interactions.

As mentioned above about Hyperlexia​ - It is also our personal experience, where my child is able to spell any word once she learnt phonetic rules, at great speed. Meaning once she had seen it, or heard it, she will be able to spell it. Even nonsense words that do not exist. Thus it can also be a challenge to know whether she truly understands the meaning of the words. However it can also come with an absolute high assumption ability, where she can infer from surrounding words in the sentence. I feel that the current existing testing for spelling and reading, cannot provide a result as its infinite. So there is no age appropriate norm, it only max out at age 19-ish and she probably exceeds it during testing. 

That is why educators may miss out whether the child truly understand what they are reading. It sounds like they understand, but check again. Ask them to explain what it means. And so they may fall into the cracks.
If the skill is harnessed, and coping mechanisms is sorted out, then it becomes an asset that is very underused to be honest.

Prospagnosia

Prosopagnosia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize faces.  Prosopagnosia is also known as face blindness or facial agnosia. ​Prosopagnosia is not related to memory dysfunction, memory loss, impaired vision, or learning disabilities.  The focus of any treatment should be to help the individual with prosopagnosia develop compensatory strategies. ​

https://prosopagnosiaresearch.org/

Many people with autism spectrum disorder also experience face recognition difficulties. Problems with face-processing have also been reported in other developmental disorders such as Williams' syndrome and Turner's syndrome.